How is cytochrome c involved in apoptosis?

In mammalian cells, a major caspase activation pathway is the cytochrome c-initiated pathway. In this pathway, a variety of apoptotic stimuli cause cytochrome c release from mitochondria, which in turn induces a series of biochemical reactions that result in caspase activation and subsequent cell death.

What is the role of cytochrome c in programmed cell death?

Cytochrome c (Cyt c) shuttles electrons from oxidative phosphorylation complex III to complex IV. However, when it is released from mitochondria, it stimulates cell death (15) by interacting with Apaf-1 and recruiting and activating procaspase-9 (27, 46).

What is the role of cytochrome c in apoptosis?

Mitochondrial cytochrome c (cyt c) has been found to have dual functions in controlling both cellular energetic metabolism and apoptosis. Through interaction with apoptotic protease activating factors (Apaf), cyt c can initiate the activation cascade of caspases once it is released into the cytosol.

What causes the release of cytochrome c in the mitochondria?

In mammalian cells, a major caspase activation pathway is the cyto- chrome c-initiated pathway. In this pathway, a variety of apoptotic stimuli cause cytochrome c release from mitochondria, which in turn induces a series of biochem- ical reactions that result in caspase activation and subsequent cell death.

How are cells able to protect themselves from apoptosis?

A study has shown that cells are able to protect themselves from apoptosis by blocking the release of cytochrome c using Bcl-x L. Another way that cells can control apoptosis is by phosphorylation of Tyr48 which would turn cytochrome c into an anti-apoptotic switch.

What is the function of cytochrome c beyond respiration?

Cytochrome c: functions beyond respiration Cytochrome c is primarily known for its function in the mitochondria as a key participant in the life-supporting function of ATP synthesis. However, when a cell receives an apoptotic stimulus, cytochrome c is released into the cytosol and triggers programmed cell death through apoptosis.