What is a positive Galeazzi sign?

The Galeazzi sign is elicited by placing the child supine with both hips and knees flexed (Figure 3). An inequality in the height of the knees is a positive Galeazzi sign and usually is caused by hip dislocation or congenital femoral shortening.

When is the Klisic test positive?

The line passes below the umbilicus if the hip is dislocated (positive Klisic test) because the greater trochanter is in a more superior position.

What does a negative Ortolani sign mean?

They are an irreversible malformation that occurs in utero and is often associated with neuromuscular or chromosomal abnormalities. In a dislocated hip, the Barlow maneuver is negative. The Ortolani maneuver may be negative if the hip is dislocated and cannot be reduced.

How do you assess DDH?

Ideally, DDH is detected by routine history and physical exam in the neonatal period. Questions to the parents regarding risk factors can be important. Clinical screening is the gold standard for diagnosis with dynamic hip examinations carried out at birth and at subsequent pediatrician visits throughout childhood.

Why is DDH more common in the left hip?

The left hip is more commonly associated with DDH than the right hip, possibly because of the common intrauterine position of the left hip against the mother’s sacrum, which forces it into an adducted position.

What is a positive Barlow sign?

The Barlow Test is considered positive if the hip can be popped out of the socket with this maneuver. The dislocation will be palpable.

What happens if DDH is not treated?

If DDH is not treated, your child may develop a painless limp when walking, they may walk on their toes rather than in a heel-and-toe action, or they may develop a ‘waddling’ walk. In time, arthritis will develop in the untreated hip joint, which will become painful and may ultimately need a hip replacement.

Is DDH genetic?

The etiology of DDH is multifactorial. It consists of genetic, environmental, and mechanical risk factors. The environmental and mechanical causes include high birth weight (HBW), breech presentation, oligohydramnios, primiparity, intrauterine malposition, swaddling, and laxity of ligaments [3,10,13].